Cognitive Development Theory

Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1986 to Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. At a young age, he displayed big(p) fascination for Biology, his intellectual love. Jean Piaget, at the age of 10 publish his first article, which described the albino sparrow he observed. Between the ages of 15 and 18, he published several more articles and most of them argon mollusks. Jean Piaget was speci all t one-time(a)y drawn to epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with the origins of knowledge. He examine earthy lights in the University of Neuchatel and infered his PH. D there.Piaget then worked for a period of at Bleurs psychiatric clinic in Zurich where he became interested in psychoanalysis. He studied clinical psychology in the Sorbome University in Paris in the year 1919. In 1930s, he was employed at the Binet Institute where his job was to get French versions of questions on English news program tests. He became intrigued with the reasons nestlin gren gave for their wrong answers on the questions that take awayd logical intellection. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and electric razorren. In 1923, he married, Valentine Chatenay.They had three minorren, Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent whose intellectual development from infancy to spoken language was studied by Piaget. In 1929, he accepted the post of coach of the International Bureau of Education and remained the head of his international organization. In 1955, he manufactured and directed until his death the International Center for Genetic Epistemology. Piaget was productive his integral lifetime, he published 30 books and more than 200 articles. Cognitive maturement Theory Cognitive possibility is concerned with the development of a persons mentation cultivatees.It likewise looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. The first off cognitive thinker was Jean Piaget, who proposed an subject that seems obvious now, but helped override how we think about child development Children think contrastingly than adults. It proposes as a firmness of purpose of biological maturation and environmental experience. It views intelligence as the mightiness to adapt to all aspects of reality, that within the persons lifetime, it evolves by a series of qualitatively distinct distributor points.Organization- involves in the integration of all process into one overall system. It refers to the organisms innate skill to ordinate particular observations into complex systems of coherent knowledge. Adaptation- it is the organisms answer to the environment in a way it could meet balance. (Equilibrium) Dynamics of record Schema- is the category of knowledge that helps us understand or interpret the world. It is the base cognitive unit. In this complex concept involves either mental organization, or a childs conceptualization of a sp ecific situation, and look that croup be seen.Assimilation- is the taking in, or incorporation of a unfermented object, experience, or concept into an existing set of schemes, that is, to the childs nowadays cognitive structure. It is the process of taking in new info into our antecedently existing schemas is known as assimilation. The process is somewhat subjective, because we tend to alter experience or information somewhat to fit in with our pre-existent article of effects. In the congressman above, seeing a dog and labeling it dog is an example of assimilating the animal into the childs dog schema. Accommodation- it is the adaptation of the current knowledge to some other new experience.It involves altering existing schemas, or ideas, as a end point of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process. It is also the process by which children change their cognitive structures to deal with new objects and situations. Equilibrium- assimilation and accommodation are constantly work together to produce changes in a childs conceptualization of the world and reaction to it. It gives state of balance to assimilation and accommodation. Growth study The Sensorimotor ramification it ranges from birth to 2 years. In this stage intelligence is primitive in form.It is the coordination of sensory information and motor activity. in this stage, infants wee-wee an understanding of the world by coordinating experiences ( much(prenominal) as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions. Infants stool knowledge of the world from the physical actions they perform on it. The six substages of Piagets Sensorimotor stage are Reflex activity from 0-1 month old which builds knowledge through reflexes. Primary Circular Reaction from 1-4 months. It is the infants repeat congenial behaviors that first occurred by chance (such as sucking). lower-ranking Circular Reactions it is from 4 to 8 months.In this stage infants becom e more interested in the environment and repeat actions that bring interesting results and prolong interesting experiences. Coordination of Secondary Schemes from 8-12 months. In this stage, the behavior is more deliberate and purposeful as infants coordinate previously learned schemes and use previously learned behaviors to attain their goals( such as crawling across the room to get a in demand(p) toy). Tertiary Circular Reactions from 12-18 months. In this stage infants show curiosity as they purposefully vary their actions to see results. They use trial and error in this stage.Mental Combinations from 18-24 months. Since toddlers have developed a primitive symbol system. To toy events, they no longer are confirmed to trial and error to drub problems. They represent objects through action already. Pre functional stage ranges from 2-7 years. In this stage the child already begun to speak. Piaget noted that in this stage children do not unless understand concrete logic and post eriornot mentally manipulate information. There are 3 kinds of techniques Piaget use to study this stage first is the Egocentrism it is the childrens assurance that the world thinks like they do.The best technique that Piaget uses to this is the 3 dimensional play of mountain sentiment. Which best describe as Three view task when children are asked to choose a picture that showed the scene they had observed. or so children are able to do this with little barrier. Next, children are asked to select a picture showing what someone else would have observed when looking at the mountain from a different viewpoint. Invariably, children almost always choose the scene showing their own view of the mountain scene. According to Piaget, children experience this difficulty because they are unable to take on another persons perspective.Next is Animism it is the angle of inclination to attribute life to object that are not biologically alive. It is the belief that inanimate objects are moved through will and spirits. Last is Artificialism it is the belief that things are created by human worlds. Concrete Operational Stage from 7-11 years. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children startle thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding hoist or hypothetical concepts. Logic Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic. inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a popular principle. On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty apply deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the military issue of a specific event. Reversibility one of the most important developments in this stage is an understanding of reversibility, or awareness that actions pile be reversed. An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. For example, a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a dog, and that a dog is an animal.In this stage, children became more verifiable and less egocentric. Formal Operational Stage from 12 years and above. During this time, passel develop the efficacy to think about synopsis concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic programmening also emerge during this stage. Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes important during the formal operational stage. Deductive logic requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome. This type of thinking involves hypothetical situations and is often required in science and mathematics.Abstract thought while children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages, the ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during the formal operational stage. Instead of relying solely on previous experiences, children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. This type of thinking is important in long-term planning. In earlier stages, children used trial-and-error to solve problems. During the formal operational stage, the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges.Children at the formal operational stage of cognitive development are often able to quickly plan an organized approach to solving a problem. Applicability of the Theory Piaget did not explicitly relate his scheme to education, although later researchers have explained how features of Piagets theory can be applied to teaching and nurture. Piaget has been extremely influential in exploitation educational policy and teaching. For example, a review of primary education by the UK government in 1966 was based strongly on Piagets theory. The result of this review led to the publication of the Plowden report (1967).Discovery learning the idea that children learn best through doing and actively e xploring was seen as central to the regeneration of primary school curriculum. The reports recurring themes are individual learning, flexibility in the curriculum, the centrality of play in childrens learning, the use of the environment, learning by uncovering and the importance of the evaluation of childrens progress teachers should not assume that only what is measurable is valuable. Because Piagets theory is based upon biological maturation and stages the notion of readiness important.Readiness concerns when sure information or concepts should be taught. According to Piagets theory children should not be taught certain concepts until they have reached the appropriate stage cognitive development. Within the classroom learning should be student centred a accomplished through active discovery learning. The role of the teacher is to facilitate learning, rather than direct tuition. Therefore teachers should gain ground the following within the classroom o Focus on the process of learning, rather than the end product of it. o Using active methods that require rediscovering or reconstructing truths. Using collaborative, as well as individual activities (so children can learn from each other).o Devising situations that present useful problems, and create disequilibrium in the child. o Evaluate the level of the childs development, so suitable tasks can be set. Strengths * Piagets Theory remains a dominant force play in developmental psychology. * It has spawned tremendous amount of empirical research and extra discoveries that increased our understanding about cognitive development. * He changed how people viewed the childs world and their methods of studying children. His ideas have been of practical use in understanding and communicating with children, particularly in the field of education, and are unflurried used in the present age. Weaknesses * Piagets theory underestimated childrens ability and competencies. * Because Piaget concentrated on the unive rsal stages of cognitive development and biological maturation, his theory wasnt cross-culturally valid, since the social setting and culture has an effect on cognitive development. Some of his sample in his experiments was biased that it cannot be generalized to children from different cultures.